Earners of this badge can explain the advantages of packet based systems and give several examples of packet technologies and describe how they might be applied in a telecommunication network. They will understand the basic concept of protocol stacks, in particular the OSI 7 layer reference model and show how it may be applied to real protocols such as TCP/IP. They have also covered more advanced techniques that can manage quality in the network i.e. MPLS and MPLS operations.